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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Baker's Statement on The Newly Independent States
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Foreign Policy Bulletin, May/June 1992
Relations With The Newly Independent States. Secretary Baker's
Statement
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Secretary's Statement to Subcommittee on Foreign Operations,
House Appropriations Committee, February 24, 1992 (Excerpt)
</p>
<p> Over the last three months, I have visited eleven of the
twelve new states of the former Soviet Union. I have met
leaders everywhere, explained our policies to them, and listened
to their hopes and concerns. Last week, I completed a trip to
Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Moldova. For many Americans,
several of these states were just obscure names on a map just
a year ago; now they stand in the front ranks of our efforts to
enlarge the world's community of stable, democratic nations.
</p>
<p> This was my first-ever visit to several of these states. I
return convinced that we face a once-in-a-century opportunity
to shape the course of history and to define a new age for our
children and grandchildren. And, I am convinced that it is an
opportunity that we, in concert with our allies, must seize.
The promises and risks are great:
</p>
<p>-- The prospect of close to 300 million people emerging from
70 years of totalitarian rule and charting their own democratic
destiny;
</p>
<p>-- The possibilities of twelve new countries beginning the
difficult process of converting from a crippling command
economy to vibrant free markets; and
</p>
<p>-- Perhaps most importantly, the real prospect of putting the
nightmare of great power nuclear confrontation behind us.
</p>
<p> But we should not forget that there are also risks. Most of
the states of the former Soviet Union are struggling bravely to
create new societies based upon representative and accountable
government, the rule of law, and the free market. But they do
so burdened by over seventy years of political and economic
misrule. The temptations of ethnic conflict and authoritarianism
remain strong. And, despite dramatic progress on arms control,
nearly 30,000 nuclear weapons remain in the states of the former
Soviet Union.
</p>
<p>Purposes of Trip
</p>
<p> I addressed both promises and risks during my trip to the
former Soviet Union. My trip had three purposes: to meet
face-to-face with the leaders of Moldova, Azerbaijan,
Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan and to visit Armenia;
and to meet with the Russian leadership to discuss security,
economic, and political issues.
</p>
<p> In Frankfurt, I joined [German] Foreign Minister [Hans-
Dietrich] Genscher as Operation Provide Hope began at Rhein
Main Air Base. I was pleased to see that over ten countries
participated directly in this American initiative--especially
Turkey and Japan, whose participation made it far easier and
economical to reach cities in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and
the Russian far east. We expanded the number of U.S. sorties
from 54 to 64 and were able to send shipments to 24 different
cities across the former Soviet Union during Operation Provide
Hope's two weeks of operation.
</p>
<p> The Russian leadership was particularly pleased that we were
able to get food and medicine to hard-to-reach cities in
Siberia, the Urals, and far north. All reports from the other
independent states were very positive, with many saying that
these American assistance flights were the first humanitarian
shipments they had received.
</p>
<p> We understood from the beginning that these flights were
substance and symbolism. The power of both should not be
underestimated. Our message of hope was heard clearly across
the former Soviet Union. For those whose lives were eased--perhaps even preserved--by the timely arrival of medicine and
foodstuffs, these flights were substantive, indeed.
</p>
<p> We are assessing the results of Operation Provide Hope and,
with our allies, looking for ways to accelerate and expand our
emergency assistance programs.
</p>
<p>Questions of Diplomatic Relations
</p>
<p> From Frankfurt, I traveled to Kishinev, Baku, Ashkhabad,
Dushanbe, and Tashkent to discuss with the leaders of these new
states the question of diplomatic relations. At each stop, I
outlined the various principles the United States expects these
new states to adhere to in terms of democratic political
practices, responsible security policies, and free market
economics.
</p>
<p> At each stop, the Presidents of these new states gave me the
assurances we need to move ahead with diplomatic relations. We
have no illusions. We realize that the quality of these
commitments will vary from state to state and leader to leader.
That's why, at each stop, I made it clear, that even as we
moved ahead with diplomatic relations, the nature and depth of
those relations would depend upon continuing adherence to our
principles and the fulfillment of the assurances given us.
</p>
<p> We also felt it important to move ahead with diplomatic
relations so we could have a permanent American presence in
these new states. At each stop, I found a large degree of
goodwill toward America with people lining the streets to greet
my delegation; in each of these states, a unique window of
opportunity exists where both governments and publics are
hungry for our help and advice.
</p>
<p> To take advantage of this opportunity, it is important to
have Americans on the ground in each of these states during a
difficult time of transition. We also feel this is the way to
help American business assist in developing those sectors that
clearly hunger for American know-how, investment, and goods.
There are clear opportunities for American business, especially
as markets develop and expand. And there are clear political
opportunities as well to see the seeds of democracy planted in
a region long thought inhospitable to political and economic
freedom. Accordingly, I have set a goal of establishing
embassies by March 15 in each of the states I visited.
</p>
<p> I also went to Armenia to lend our support to Armenia's
fledgling democracy. In both Yerevan and Baku, I discussed
Nagorno-Karabakh and told both the Armenians and the
Azerbaijanis that they had their hands full with building their
own independent states and that they needed to resolve Nagorno-
Karabakh peacefully. I made it clear we supported Russian and
Kazakh efforts to mediate the conflict, as well as the CSCE
rapporteur mission.
</p>
<p>Visit to Russia: Security Issues
</p>
<p> I began my trip to Russia at the Institute for Technical
Physics at Chelyabinsk-70 in the Urals. At this top secret
facility in what was a closed city until a few weeks ago, I was
welcomed by workers who came out to greet me and my delegation
warmly and openly. With the scientists of this facility--which is comparable to our Los Alamos or Livermore labs--I
discussed how we might come up with "brain gain" solutions to
the "brain drain" problem. This helped us further refine the
joint proposal that we have subsequently announced with Germany
and Russia to set up an international scientific center to help
Soviet weapons scientists. We are pleased with the positive and
wide-ranging international response to this initiative which
will help designers of weapons of mass destruction in all the
new independent states shift their work to civilian purposes.
</p>
<p> In Moscow, I met with President Yeltsin and Foreign Minister
Kozyrev for two productive days of talks. In terms of security
issues, I think we've begun to define what you might call a new
security partnership between Russia and America. We made real
progress on a range of issues, particularly nuclear safety,
security, and dismantlement.
</p>
<p> First, the United States will provide Russia with 25 safe,
secure rail cars designed to transport nuclear weapons.
</p>
<p> Second, we have offered Russia 250 large specialized
containers for transportation of nuclear weapons.
</p>
<p> Third, we have offered safe and secure containers for
nuclear weapons components, and, if these con